It’s also essential to understand that the Bible was not
written to be read as a literal, surface-level document. It is rich with
metaphor, allegory, and a range of literary devices that invite deeper
reflection. Origen, an early Church Father, embraced a highly allegorical
interpretation of scripture, recognizing its layered meanings. My aim is not to
discard the Bible, but to encourage others to engage it on its own terms—not as
the rigid idol that evangelical Protestantism has often made it into, but as a
living text that points beyond itself. Even the Apostle John reminds believers
in his first epistle that the Holy Spirit indwells the saints and teaches them
directly. In his gospel, he echoes this, affirming that the Spirit will guide
into all truth.
I am not seeking to diminish the Bible. Rather, I am trying
to tell the truth plainly and faithfully. The problem lies not with the sacred
text itself, but in how it has been used—particularly within Evangelical
Christianity. In embracing sola scriptura and rigid frameworks like the
Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy, many have unknowingly turned the Bible
into an idol. It has been elevated above the living Spirit that gave it breath.
The text, once intended as a witness to the Divine and a guide toward deeper
communion with the Source, has instead become a tool of dogma, wielded to
confine rather than liberate.
This is not to say that the Bible lacks power or depth. Far
from it. Within the canon—beneath the layers of doctrine and surface
literalism—there lies profound mystical revelation. Woven throughout are echoes
of an older, more expansive truth: that we are, and always have been, children
of the Creator. Not merely in a metaphorical sense, but as beings imbued with
the divine spark from the beginning. The Spirit within us calls us not to blind
obedience to the letter, but to a living awareness of our origin, our identity,
and our freedom.
Paul writes in Romans that creation groans for the revealing
of the children of God. This revealing does not come through doctrinal
conformity but through awakening. The Spirit bears witness with our spirit, not
with our creeds. The Word became flesh—not a book—and dwelt among us. To reduce
the mystery of God to ink on a page is to miss the living fire that burns
beneath it. The Bible is not the destination; it is a signpost. When it points
us back to the Spirit and to the truth written on our hearts, it fulfills its
sacred role.
The development of the biblical canon was a gradual and
often contested process in early Christianity, with no single, universally
accepted list of scriptures in the first few centuries. The Hebrew Bible, or
Tanakh, was largely established by the time of Jesus, though debates over
certain books continued, and the Greek Septuagint, which included additional
texts, was widely used by early Christians.
One of the earliest proposed Christian canons came from
Marcion around 140 CE, who rejected the Old Testament and accepted only a
modified version of Luke’s Gospel and ten of Paul’s letters, prompting the
early Church to define its own scriptural boundaries. The Muratorian Fragment,
dated to the late second century, offered a partial New Testament list that
included many of the current books but omitted some, reflecting a developing
canon in Rome. Church fathers like Origen and Eusebius in the third and early
fourth centuries recognized a core group of texts but noted disputes over books
such as Hebrews, James, Revelation, and the smaller epistles.
A major milestone came with Athanasius’ Easter letter in 367
CE, the first known list to match the current 27-book New Testament. Shortly
afterward, regional councils in Hippo (393) and Carthage (397 and 419) affirmed
the same New Testament along with a broader Old Testament canon that included
the Deuterocanonical books. Jerome, in translating the Bible into Latin (the
Vulgate), questioned the canonicity of some of these books, but his work
nonetheless helped solidify their use in the Western Church. Over time,
consensus grew around these texts, shaped by apostolic attribution, theological
consistency, and liturgical use, leading to the canon most Christian traditions
recognize today.
The History of the Canon
The formation of the biblical canon was a gradual and often
contested process in the early centuries of Christianity. There wasn’t a
single, universally agreed-upon “canon” from the beginning. Instead, various
early canons emerged in different Christian communities. Here are some key
milestones and early canons:
1. The Hebrew Bible (Old Testament Canon)
- The
Jewish scriptures (Tanakh) were largely fixed by the time of Jesus, though
debates over some books (like Esther, Ecclesiastes, and the Song of Songs)
continued.
- The Septuagint,
a Greek translation of Hebrew scriptures made in Alexandria, included
additional books (now called the Apocrypha or Deuterocanonical
books) and was widely used by early Christians.
2. Marcion’s Canon (c. 140 CE)
- One of
the first attempts at a Christian canon.
- Marcion,
a controversial teacher, rejected the Old Testament entirely and
proposed a canon consisting of:
- A
heavily edited version of Luke's Gospel
- Ten
of Paul’s epistles (also edited)
- His
canon forced the early Church to begin clarifying what it did—and did
not—accept as Scripture.
3. Muratorian Fragment (late 2nd century, c. 170–200 CE)
- The
earliest known list of New Testament books (though the beginning is
missing).
- Includes:
Four Gospels (implicitly), Acts, 13 Pauline Epistles, Jude, Revelation,
and Wisdom of Solomon (possibly), among others.
- Omits
Hebrews, James, and 1–2 Peter (though that may be due to the fragmentary
nature of the text).
- Reflects
a developing canon in the Roman church.
4. Origen (early 3rd century)
- Recognized
a wide range of books, including all four Gospels, Acts, Paul's epistles,
1 Peter, 1 John, Revelation, and others.
- But
noted disputes about Hebrews, James, 2 Peter, 2–3 John.
5. Eusebius of Caesarea (early 4th century)
- Divided
Christian writings into three categories:
- Recognized
(homologoumena): Gospels, Acts, Paul’s letters, 1 Peter, 1 John,
Revelation
- Disputed
(antilegomena): James, 2 Peter, 2–3 John, Jude
- Heretical:
Gospel of Thomas, Gospel of Peter, Acts of Paul, etc.
6. Athanasius’ Festal Letter (367 CE)
- First
known list to match exactly the 27 books of the current New Testament.
- Highly
influential, especially in the Greek-speaking East.
- Also
recommended reading other books (like the Shepherd of Hermas) for
edification, but not as Scripture.
7. Councils of Hippo (393 CE) and Carthage (397 & 419
CE)
- In
North Africa, affirmed a canon of 46 Old Testament books (including
Deuterocanonical books) and 27 New Testament books—matching the
Roman Catholic canon today.
8. Jerome and the Vulgate (late 4th–early 5th century)
- Jerome
translated the Bible into Latin.
- He
distinguished between canonical books and ecclesiastical books
(e.g., he was skeptical about the Apocrypha).
- However,
the Latin Church eventually accepted the full Vulgate as canonical.
Summary of Early Canons:
- No
universal canon existed before the 4th century.
- Diversity
of opinion existed on books like Hebrews, James, Revelation, and some
Catholic epistles.
- Church
councils, usage in liturgy, theological coherence, and apostolic
attribution eventually shaped the accepted canon.
In short, the early canons were fluid and debated, with
significant variation before a more consistent consensus emerged in the late
4th century.
Evangelical Christianity expanded sola scriptura way beyond
the original meaning of the reformers and the Chicago Statement of Inerrancy
turned the bible into a weapon of control for people who want to maintain a
literal understanding of the book. Anyone who honestly looks at this history
should readily admit that the bible has been given a perverted purpose that diminishes
the spirituality that Jesus taught.